Suchergebnisse

"In Strum's masterful hands, Whitney comes to life. Strum casts new light on the backstory behind Whitney v. California as well as on Whitney herself. This combination of biography, legal analysis, and comparative perspective makes Speaking Freely an excellent addition to the award winning Landmark Law Cases and American Society series. . . . The text is the rare manuscript that will provide a day of enjoyment for those who like legal history as beach reading and profitable hours for scholars and students doing research on a vital episode in U.S. constitutionalism."-Pacific Historical Review "Although all students of constitutional law are familiar with the case, Strum brings it to life in a way not previously seen. In addition to the constitutional law elements that make this case a landmark, the author brings in the political historical climate of the time and examines the lower court trial."-Choice "Strum's descriptive narrative outlines the particularities not only of Whitney's life but also f the political climate surrounding freedom of speech in the late nineteenth and early twentieth centuries"-Southeastern Law Librarian.

Cover -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Contents -- List of Illustrations -- Acknowledgments -- 1 Three Generations of American Communist Women -- 2 Parlor Pink Turned Soapbox Red: Charlotte Anita Whitney, the American Communist Matriarch, 1867- 1955 -- 3 Red Queen of the West: Dorothy Ray Healey and the Grounding of California's Old Left, 1914- 2006 -- 4 The New Old Left: Kendra Harris Alexander, 1946- 1993 -- 5 American Communism after Three Generations -- Notes -- Bibliography -- Index.

This research is conducted on the basic of the presence of poverty in Indonesia, especially in Kelu- rahan bojong sari Depok. in an effort to overcome poverty, the government has various poverty reduction program. one of the program is the hope family program. The purpose of this study is to determine the welfare of the poor family, the respondents chosen are 50 respondents of the poor family as receiver of the hope family program and 50 respondents of the poor family who didn't get aid of the hope family program . By test analysis used is Mann Whitney U test. The result suggests that the poor family don't get an aid program of the hope family program more prosperous as physical and economical than the poor family who receive aid program of hope family . on the dimension of the psychological welfare and the subjective welfare of the second of category of the poor family don't have the difference. Therefore, the implementation of hope family program located on the study does not have a significant impact for program participants. Therefore, it is recommended in order to be con- ducted an evaluation of the implementation of the hope family program located on the study

Intro -- Half Title -- Title Page -- Copyright Page -- Preface -- Prologue -- 1989 -- Second Chance"-38 Special -- "Straight Up ~ Cold Hearted"-Paula Abdul -- "Listen to Your Heart"-Roxette -- "Giving You the Best That I Got"-Anita Baker -- "Two Hearts"-Phil Collins -- "Waiting for a Star to Fall"-Boy Meets Girl -- "This Time I Know It's for Real"-Donna Summer -- "I'll Be Loving You (Forever)"or "Cherish"-New Kids on the Block/Madonna -- "Love Shack" or"Sowing the Seeds of Love"-The B-52S/Tears for Fears -- "Stand" or "What I Am"-Band/Edie Brickell -- "Miss You Like Crazy"-Natalie Cole -- Eternal Flame-The Bangles -- "Baby, I Love Your Way"-Will to Power -- "If I Could Turn Back Time"-Cher -- "Good Thing(Where Have You Gone?)"-Fine Young Cannibals -- "If You Don't Know Me By Now" or "Right Here Waiting"-Simply Red/Richard Marx -- 1993 -- "I Don't Wanna Fight"-Tina Turner -- "Love Is"-Vanessa Williams and Brian McNight -- "Right Here"-The Grind -- "Deeper and Deeper"-Madonna -- "Dreamlover" or "I'd Do Anything forLove (But I Won't Do That)"-Mariah Carey/Meat Loaf -- "I Have Nothing"-Whitney Houston -- "Runaway Train"-Soul Asylum -- "I Will Always Love You"-Whitney Houston -- "In the Still of the Night(I'll Remember)"-Boyz II Men -- "Do You Believe in Us"-John Secada -- "A Whole New World"-Peabo Bryson and Regina Belle -- "Will You Be There"-Michael Jackson -- 1996 -- "Who Will Save Your Soul"-Jewel -- "Til I Hear It From You"-Gin Blossoms -- "Closer to Free"-The Bodeans -- "The World I Know"-Collective Soul -- "If It Makes You Happy"-Sheryl Crow -- "Be My Lover"-La Bouche -- "Give Me One Reason" or"Nobody Knows"-Tracy Chapman/The Tony Rich Project -- "Because You Loved Me" or"I Want to Come Over"-Celine Dion/Melissa Etheridge -- "Change the World"-Eric Clapton -- "I Love You Always Forever"-Donna Lewis -- "As I Lay Me Down"-Sophie B. Hawkins.

"In 1919 Charlotte Anita Whitney, a wealthy white woman, received one of the first Communist Labor Party membership cards for the charter group of the northern California Communist Labor Party. Less than a decade later in Berkeley, California, a Jewish woman named Dorothy Ray Healey became a card-carrying member of the Young Communist League. Nearly forty years later, in 1966, Kendra Claire Harris Alexander, a mixed-race woman, enlisted with the Los Angeles branch of the Communist Party, determined to promote class equality. In Gendering Radicalism, Beth Slutsky examines how American leftist radicalism was experienced through the lives of these three women who led the California branches of the Communist Party from its founding in 1919 to its near dissolution in 1992. Separately, each woman represents a generation of the membership and activism of the party. Collectively, Slutsky argues, their individual histories tell the story of one of the most infamous organizations this country has ever known and in a broader sense represent the story of all women who have devoted their lives to radicalism in America. Slutsky considers how gender politics, California's political climate, coalitions with other activist groups and local communities, and generational dynamics created a grassroots Communist movement distinct from the Communist parties in the Soviet Union and Europe. An ambitious comparative study, Gendering Radicalism demonstrates the continuity and changes of the party both within and among three generations of its female leaders' lives"--

AbstractIntroduction: Modern combined antiretroviral therapies (cART) allow to effectively suppress HIV‐1 viral load, with the 90% virologic success rate, meeting the WHO target in most clinical settings. The aim of this study was to analyse antiretroviral treatment efficacy in Poland and to identify variables associated with virologic suppression.Methods: Cross‐sectional data on 5152 (56.92% of the countrywide treated at the time‐point of analysis) patients on cART for more than six months with at least one HIV‐RNA measurement in 2016 were collected from 14 Polish centres. Patients' characteristics and treatment type‐based outcomes were analysed for the virologic suppression thresholds of <50 and <200 HIV‐RNA copies/ml. CART was categorized into two nucleos(t)ide (2NRTI) plus non‐nucleoside reverse transcriptase (NNRTI) inhibitors, 2NRTI plus protease (PI) inhibitor, 2NRTI plus integrase (InI) inhibitor, nucleos(t)ide sparing PI/r+InI and three drug class regimens. For statistics Chi‐square and U‐Mann Whitney tests and adjusted multivariate logistic regression models were used.Results: Virologic suppression rates of <50 copies/mL were observed in 4672 (90.68%) and <200 copies/mL in 4934 (95.77%) individuals. In univariate analyses, for the suppression threshold <50 copies/mL higher efficacy was noted for 2NRTI+NNRTI‐based combinations (94.73%) compared to 2NRTI+PI (89.93%), 2NRTI+InI (90.61%), nucleos(t)ide sparing PI/r+InI (82.02%) and three drug class regimens (74.49%) (p < 0.0001), with less pronounced but significant differences for the threshold of 200 copies/mL [2NRTI+NNRTI‐97.61%, 2NRTI+PI‐95.27%, 2NRTI+InI‐96.61%, PI/r+InI‐ 95.51% and 86.22% for three drug class cART) (p < 0.0001). However, in multivariate model, virologic efficacy for viral load <50 copies/mL was similar across treatment groups with significant influence by history of AIDS [OR:1.48 (95%CI:1.01–2.17) if AIDS diagnosed, p = 0.046], viral load < 5 log copies/mL at care entry [OR:1.47 (95%CI:1.08–2.01), p = 0.016], baseline lymphocyte CD4 count ≥200 cells/µL [OR:1.72 (95%CI:1.04–2.78), p = 0.034] and negative HCV serology [OR:1.97 (95%CI:1.29–2.94), p = 0.002]. For viral load threshold <200 copies/mL higher likelihood of virologic success was only associated with baseline lymphocyte CD4 count ≥200 cells/µL [OR:2.08 (95%CI:1.01–4.35), p = 0.049] and negative HCV status [OR:2.84 (95%CI:1.52–5.26), p = 0.001].Conclusions: Proportion of virologically suppressed patients is in line with WHO treatment target confirming successful application of antiretroviral treatment strategy in Poland. Virological suppression rates depend on baseline patient characteristics, which should guide individualized antiretroviral tre0atment decisions.

Contents -- Volume I: Definition, Conception, and Development -- Contributors Preface Part I History, Definition, and Diagnostic Issues 1 -- 1 Aggression and Violence: Definitions and Distinctions 3 -- Johnie J. Allen and Craig A. Anderson -- 2 Cultural -- Norms and Definitions of Violence Kirby Deater-Deckard and Jennifer E. Lansford -- 3 Legal -- Definitions of Violence and Aggression Cody N. Charette and Eric W. Hickey -- 4 The Development of Aggression From Early Childhood to Adulthood Richard E. Tremblay, Sylvana M. Côté, Julie Salla, and Gregory Michel -- 5 Gender Differences in Violence and Aggression Lee Copping -- 6 Online Misogyny Targeting Feminist Activism: Anita Sarkeesian and Gamergate, Melinda C.R. Burgess, Felicia Byars, Leila Sadeghi-Azar, and Karen E. Dill-Shackleford -- 7 Cross-Cultural Differences in Aggression Douglas P. Fry -- 8 Violence in the Family Donald G. Dutton, Katherine R. White, and Christie Tetreault -- 9 Mass Killing Charles R. Butcher, Charles H. Anderton, and Jurgen Brauer -- 10 Psychiatric Diagnosis and Violence: Description and Mechanisms Mark R. Serper and Yosef Sokol -- 11 Psychopathy, Violence, and Aggression Dennis E. Reidy and Megan C. Kearns -- 12 Introduction to Sexual Violence Ibitola O. Asaolu and Mary P. Koss -- 13 Hate Crime Phyllis B. Gerstenfeld -- 14 Violence and Moral Philosophy Bob Brecher -- Part II Biology 15 The Evolution of Human Violence and Aggression: The Contribution of Peace Ethology Peter Verbeek -- 16 Genetics of Aggression in Nonhuman Animals Anna V. Kukekova -- 17 Psychophysiology of Violence and Aggression Jonathan C. Waldron and Angela Scarpa -- 18 Neuroanatomy of Violence and Aggression Yaling Yang -- 19 The Role of Neurotransmitters in Violence and Aggression Klaus A. Miczek, Joseph F. DeBold, Kyle Gobrogge, Emily L. Newman, and Rosa M.M. de Almeida -- 20 Testosterone and Human Aggression Justin M. Carré;, Erika L. Ruddick, Benjamin J.P. Moreau, and Brian M. Bird -- 21 Animal Models of Aggression and Violence Sietse F. de Boer and Jaap M. Koolhaas -- 22 Interplay Between Genetic and Environmental Influences on the Development of Aggressive-Antisocial Behavior During Childhood and Adolescence Frank Vitaro, Mara Brendgen, and Richard E. Tremblay -- Part III Theoretical Accounts 23 Developmental Pathways to Aggression and Violence Sheryl L. Olson and Ka I. Ip -- 24 Masculinities, Aggression, and Violence Walter S. DeKeseredy -- 25 Protective Factors Against Crime and Violence in Adolescence Friedrich Lösel and Doris Bender -- 26 Cognitive-Behavioral Factors and Anger in the Occurrence of Aggression and Violence Raymond W. Novaco -- 27 The Developmental of Aggression and Violence Over the Life Span Jeffrey D. Burke -- 28 Addressing Children's Disruptive Behavior Problems: A 30-Year Journey With Stop Now And Plan (SNAP) Leena K. Augimeri, Debra Pepler, Margaret Walsh, and Michelle Kivlenieks -- 29 Does Alcohol Cause Violence and Aggression? Whitney Brown and Kenneth E. Leonard -- 30 Do Drugs Cause Violence? Kisha M. Radliff, Kathryn L. Zeanah, and Joe E. Wheaton -- 31 Does Poverty Cause Violence? Vania Ceccato -- 32 Do Group Processes Cause Violence and Aggression? Sabine Otten -- 33 Displaced Aggression is Alive and Well William C. Pedersen, Jennifer Ellison, and Norman Miller -- 34 Media, Violence, Aggression, and Antisocial Behavior: Is the Link Causal? Courtney Plante and Craig A. Anderson -- 35 Humor and Violence Charles S. Gulas, Marc G. Weinberger, and Kunal Swani -- 36 Is the Link Between Games and Aggression More About the Player, Less About the Game? Christopher J. Ferguson, Nicholas David Bowman, and Rachel Kowert -- 37 The General Aggression Model and Its Application to Violent Offender Assessment and Treatment Flora Gilbert, Michael Daffern, and Craig A. Anderson -- 38 On Automatic As Well As Controlled Psychological Processes in Aggression, From the Cognitive Neoassociation Perspective Leonard Berkowitz -- 39 Social Learning Theory and the Development of Aggression Jackson A. Goodnight, Sarah A. Wilhoit, and Angela Receveur -- 40 Frustration-Aggression Theory Johannes Breuer and Malte Elson -- 41 Behavioral Explanations of Aggression and Violence Michael M. Mueller and AjamuNkosi -- 42 Psychoanalytic Concepts of Violence and Aggression Svenja Taubner, Sven Rabung, Anthony Bateman, and Peter Fonagy -- 43 Social-Psychological Explanations of Aggression and Violence Barbara Krahé; -- 44 Violence and Aggression in Socially Disorganized Neighborhoods Renee Zahnow and Rebecca Wickes -- 45 Race and Gender Stereotypes and Violence and Aggression Melinda C.R. Burgess -- 46 Forgetting Everything We Think We Know: High Self-Esteem and Violence Joseph M. Boden -- 47 Strain Theory, Violence, and Aggression Lee Ann Slocum and Robert Agnew -- 48 Theories of Political Violence Ekkart Zimmermann -- Volume II: Assessment, Prevention and Treatment of Individuals Contributors Preface Part IV Assessment of Individuals 49 Principles and Foundations of Psychological Assessment Jane E. Fisher, William O'Donohue, and Stephen N. Haynes -- 50 Dyadic Conceptualization, Measurement, and Analysis of Family Violence Lindsey M. Rodriguez and Murray A. Straus -- 51 Assessment of Callous and Related Traits Eva R. Kimonis and Natalie Goulter -- 52 Physiological Measurement and Assessment Christopher J. Patrick and Sarah J. Brislin -- 53 Systematic Screening for Challenging Behaviors in Tiered Support Systems Jeffrey Sprague and Kathleen Lynne Lane -- 54 Psychiatric Assessment of Violence John S. Rozel, Abhishek Jain, Edward P. Mulvey, and Loren H. Roth -- 55 Psychoanalytic Assessment of Violence Jessica Yakeley -- 56 Psychopathy and Violence Colleen M. Lillard, Jennifer C. Johnson, and Michael J. Vitacco -- 57 Risk Assessment, Violence, and Aggression Catherine S. Shaffer, Adam J.E. Blanchard, and Kevin S. Douglas -- 58 Violence in Individuals With Major Psychiatric Disorders: Its Prediction and Treatment in Light of Heterogeneous Pathways to Violence Menahem I. Krakowski -- Part V Individual Interventions for Prevention 59 Preschool Life Skills: Toward Teaching Prosocial Skills and Preventing Aggression in Young Children Kevin C. Luczynski and Tara A. Fahmie -- 60 Teaching Gun Safety Skills to Children Raymond G. Miltenberger, Diego Valbuena, and Sindy Sanchez -- Part VI Individual Treatment: Therapies 61 Evidence- Based Practice and Children and Adolescents: What Works? What Works Best? Tia Navelene Barnes, Kristen Merrill O'Brien, Michelle M. Cumming, Donna Spencer Pitts, and Stephen W. Smith -- 62 Evidence-Based Practice and Adults: What Works? What Works Best? James McGuire -- 63 Applied Behavior Analysis and Treatment of Violence and Aggression James K. Luiselli and Joseph N. Ricciardi -- 64 Anger Management Graham Glancy, Stefan Treffers, and Michael Saini -- 65 Mindfulness and the Treatment of Aggression and Violence Nirbhay N. Singh, Giulio E. Lancioni, and Alan S.W. Winton -- 66 Third Wave Therapies and the Treatment of Violence and Aggression Amie Zarling and Ashley Taylor -- 67 Parent Training and the Treatment of Violence and Aggression Linda Anne Valle and Jennifer W. Kaminski -- 68 Training Staff to Manage Violence and Aggression Richard Whittington and Owen Price -- 69 Psychodynamic Treatment of Violence and Aggression: Empirical Evidence and New Approaches Svenja Taubner, Peter Fonagy, Anthony Bateman, and Sven Rabung -- 70 Multisystemic Therapy for Violent and Aggressive Youths Charles M. Borduin, Alex R. Dopp, Lauren B. Quetsch, and Benjamin D. Johnides -- 71 Pharmacological Management of Aggressive Behavior in Psychiatric Patients Laurette E. Goedhard and Eibert R. Heerdink -- 72 Psychopharmacological Approaches to Aggression and Violence in Adults With Severe Mental Illness: What Works? What Works Best? Leslie Citrome and Jan Volavka -- 73 The Fast Track Project: Effects on Violence and Aggression and Related Outcomes Conduct Problems Prevention Research Group -- 74 Interventions Targeting Alcohol, Violence, and HIV: Current Evidence and Future Directions -- Lori A.J. Scott-Sheldon, Theresa E. Senn, and Tyler S. Kaiser.

This book offers a contrastive, corpus-illustrated study of modal adverbs in English and Polish. It adopts a functional perspective on modal adverbs, and focuses on their interpersonal, textual and rhetorical functions in the two languages. The items under analysis (e.g. certainly, probably, evidently, clearly) are categorised differently in Anglophone and Polish linguistics, which is why this book also provides some insights into the treatment of modality and modal adverbs in English and Polish studies, thus contributing to the discussion of the ways in which such concepts as modal adverb, modal particle and discourse marker are understood across different languages and different linguistic traditions. It draws its examples from two monolingual corpora (the British National Corpus and the National Corpus of Polish), and the English-Polish parallel corpus Paralela. ; This project is financed from the grant received from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under the Regional Initiative of Excellence programme for the years 2019-2022; project number 009/RID/2018/19, the amount of funding: PLN 10 947.15. It has also received financial support from the Polish Ministry of Science and Higher Education under subsidy for maintaining the research potential of the Faculty of Philology, University of Białystok. ; a.rozumko@uwb.edu.pl ; Agata Rozumko is an Assistant Professor of English and English-Polish Contrastive Linguistics in the Institute of Modern Languages at the University of Bialystok. Her research interests are in the areas of epistemic modality (modality in academic discourse, native and non-native uses of epistemic markers in English), evidentiality, and intercultural pragmatics. ; Uniwersytet w Białymstoku ; Adamska, Irmina. 2004. "Oczywiście 'of course' and rzeczywiście 'indeed' – two different types of evidential markers in Polish: a relevance-theoretical account". In: Henryk Kardela, William J. Sullivan and Adam Głaz (eds.). Perspectives on Language. Lublin: Wydawnictwo M. Curie-Skłodowskiej, 9–21. ; Ädel, Annelie. 2010. Just to give you kind of a map of where we are going: A taxonomy of meta discourse in spoken and written academic English. Nordic Journal of English Studies 9(2): 69–97. ; Ädel, Annelie. 2014. "What I want you to remember is." Audience orientation in monologic academic discourse. In: Lieselotte Brems, Lobke Ghesquière and Freek Van de Velde (eds.). Intersubjectivity and Intersubjectification in Grammar and Discourse. Theoretical and Descriptive Advances. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 101–127. ; Aijmer, Karin. 1997. "I think – an English modal particle". In: Toril Swan and Olaf Jansen Westvik (eds.). Modality in Germanic Languages. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–47. ; Aijmer, Karin. 2002. English Discourse Particles. Evidence from a Corpus. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Aijmer, Karin. 2007a. "The interface between discourse and grammar: The fact is that". In: Agnès Celle and Ruth Huart (eds.). Connectives as Discourse Landmarks. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 31–46. ; Aijmer, Karin. 2007b. "Modal adverbs as discourse markers. A bilingual approach to the study of indeed." In: Jochen Rehbein, Christiane Hohenstein and Lukas Pietsch (eds.). Connectivity in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Aijmer, Karin. 2009. "Does English have modal particles?" In: Andrew Kehoe and Antoinette Renouf (eds.). Corpus Linguistics: Refinements and Reassessments. New York/Amsterdam: Rodopi, 111–130. ; Aijmer, Karin. 2013. "Analyzing modal adverbs as modal particles and discourse markers". In: Liesbeth Degand, Bert Cornillie and Paola Pietrandrea (eds.). Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and Description. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 89–106. ; Aijmer, Karin. 2016. "Modality and mood in functional linguistic approaches". In: Jan Nuyts and Johan van der Auwera (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 495–513. ; Aijmer, Karin, Bengt Altenberg and Mats Johansson. 1996. "Text-based contrastive studies in English. Presentation of a Project". In: Karin Aijmer, Benght Altenberg and Mats Johansson (eds.). Languages in Contrast. Papers from a Symposium on Text based Cross-linguistic Studies in Lund, 4-5 March 1994. Lund: Lund University Press, 73–85. ; Aijmer, Karin and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen. 2004. A model and a methodology for the study of pragmatic markers: the semantic field of expectation. Journal of Pragmatics 36 (10): 1781–1805. ; Aijmer, Karin and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen (eds). 2006. Pragmatic Markers in Contrast. Oxford: Elsevier. ; Aijmer, Karin and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen. 2009. "Discourse markers". In: Handbook of Pragmatics online. John Benjamins. ; Aikhenvald, AlexandraY. 2003. "Evidentiality in typological perspective". In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald and R.M.W. Dixon (eds.). Studies in Evidentiality. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–31. ; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2004. Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2006. "Evidentiality in grammar". In: Keith Brown (ed.). Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics. Oxford: Elsevier, 320–325. ; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2007. Information source and evidentiality: what can we conclude? Italian Journal of Linguistics 19: 209–227. ; Aikhenvald, Alexandra Y. 2018. "Evidentiality. The framework". In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 1–36. ; Alonso-Almeida, Francisco. 2015. On the mitigating function of modality and evidentiality. Evidence from English and Spanish medical research papers. Intercultural Pragmatics 12 (1): 33–57. ; AnderBois, Scott. 2014. On the exceptional status of reportative evidentials. Proceedings of SALT 24: 234–254. ; Andersen, Gisle. 2000. Pragmatic Markers and Sociolinguistic Variation. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Anderson, Lloyd B. 1986. "Evidentials, paths of change, and mental maps: Typologically regular asymmetries". In: Wallace Chafe and Johanna Nichols (eds.). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwook, NJ: Ablex, 273-312. ; Angermüller, Johannes. 2013. "Discourse analysis in Europe". In: Bonnafous Simone and Malika Temmar (eds.). Discourse Analysis and Human and Social Sciences. Bern: Peter Lang, 9–24. ; Antaki, Charles and Margaret Wetherell. 1999. Show concessions. Discourse Studies 1(1): 7–27. ; Auer, Peter. 1996. The pre-front field in spoken German and its relevance as a grammaticalization position. Pragmatics 6 (3): 295–322. ; Bakhtin, Mikhail M. (1981 [1935]). The Dialogic Imagination: Four Essays. Edited by M. Holquist, translated by C. Emerson and M. Holquist. Austin: University of Texas Press. ; Bally, Charles. (1965 [1932]). Linguistique générale et linguistique française (4th edn). Berne: Francke. ; Bańko, Mirosław. 2012. Wykłady z polskiej fleksji. Warszawa: PWN. ; Barron, Anne and Klaus P. Schneider. 2014. "Discourse pragmatics: signposting a vast field". In: Anne Barron and Klaus P. Schneider (eds.). Pragmatics of Discourse. Berlin: De Gruyter Mouton, 1–33. ; Bartmiński, Jerzy and Stanisława Niebrzegowska-Bartmińska. 2012. Tekstologia. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ; Beeching, Kate. 2002. Gender, Politeness and Pragmatic Particles in French. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Beeching, Kate. 2012. "Semantic change. Evidence from false friends". In: Peters Lauwers, Gudrun Vanderbauwhede and Stijn Verleyen (eds.). Pragmatic Markers and Pragmaticalization. Lessons from False Friends. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 11–36. ; Bellert, Irena. 1971. Niektóre postawy modalne w interpretacji semantycznej wypowiedzeń. Sesja Naukowa Międzynarodowej Komisji Budowy Gramatycznej Języków Słowiańskich w Krakowie w dniach 3-5 grudnia 1969 roku, Prace Komisji Słowianoznawstwa 23: 155–169. ; Bellert, Irena. 1977. On semantic and distributional properties of sentential adverbs. Linguistic Inquiry 8: 337–351. ; Benveniste, Émile. 1966. Problèmes de Linguistique Générale. Paris: Gallimard. ; Biber, Douglas and Edward Finegan. 1988. Adverbial stance types in English. Discourse Processes 11(1): 1–34. ; Biber, Douglas and Edward Finegan. 1989. Styles of stance in English: Lexical and grammatical marking of evidentiality and affect. Text 9 (1): 93–124. ; Biber, Douglass, Stig Johansson, Geoffrey Leech, Susan Conrad and Edward Finegan. 1999. Longman Grammar of Spoken and Written English. Harlow: Longman. ; Birecka, Karolina. 2005. "Analiza wybranych czasowników nakazu". http://www.sknj.ifp.uni.wroc.pl/publikacje/b01.pdf. ; Bogusławski, Andrzej. 1971. O tzw. modalności zdaniowej. Sesja Naukowa Międzynarodowej Komisji Budowy Gramatycznej Języków Słowiańskich w Krakowie w dniach 3-5 grudnia 1969 roku, Prace Komisji Słowianoznawstwa 23: 123–128. ; Bogusławski, Andrzej. 1977. Z problematyki wyrażeń epistemicznych. Sprawozdania Towarzystwa Naukowego w Toruniu 29: 63–65. ; Bogusławski, Andrzej. 2003. "Może i być może". In: Jadwiga Linde-Usiekniewicz and Romuald Huszcza (eds.). Prace językoznawcze dedykowane Profesor Jadwidze Sambor. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Wydziału Polonistyki UW, 11–43. ; Bogusławski, Andrzej and Jan Wawrzyńczyk. 1993. Polszczyzna jaką znamy (Nowa sonda słownikowa). Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Bonami, Olivier and Danièle Godard. 2008. "Lexical semantics and pragmatics of evaluative adverbs". In: Louise Mc Nally and Christopher Kennedy (eds.). Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics, and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 274–304. ; Boniecka, Barbara. 1976. O pojęciu modalności (przegląd problemów badawczych). Język Polski 56 (2): 99–110. ; Boniecka, Barbara. 1998. "Tekst potoczny a dyskurs". In: Jerzy Bartmiński and Barbara Boniecka (eds.). Tekst. Problemy teoretyczne. Lublin: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Marii Skłodowskiej-Curie, 45–62. ; Boniecka, Barbara. 1999. Wykład o modalności. Annales UMCS Sectio FF Vol. XVII: 7–29. ; Boryś, Wiesław. 2006. Słownik etymologiczny języka polskiego. Kraków: Wydawnictwo Literackie. ; Boye, Kasper. 2012. Epistemic Meaning. A Crosslinguistic and Functional-Cognitive Study. Berlin/New York: De Gruyter Mouton. ; Boye, Kasper. 2018. "Evidentiality: The notion and the term". In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 261–272. ; Boye, Kasper and Peter Harder. 2013. "Grammaticalization and pragmatics". In: Handbook of Pragmatics online. John Benjamins. DOI:10.1075./hop.17.gra1. ; Bralczyk, Jerzy. 1978. O leksykalnych wyznacznikach prawdziwościowej oceny sądów. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski. ; Bréal, Michel. 1897. Essai de sémantique. Paris: Hachette (Eng. trans. Semantics: Studies in the Science of Meaning. New York: Dover. 1965). ; Breban, Tine. 2006. "Grammaticalization and subjectification of the English adjectives of general comparison". In: Angelika Athanasiadou, Costas Canakis and Bert Cornillie (eds.). Subjectification: Various Paths to Subjectivity. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 241–278. ; Brinton, Laurel J. 1996. Pragmatic Markers in English: Grammaticalization and Discourse Functions. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Brinton, Laurel J. 2008. The Comment Clause in English: Syntactic Origins and Pragmatic Development. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Bromhead, Helen. 2009. The Reign of Truth and Faith. Epistemic Expressions in 16th and 17th Century English. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Brown, Penelope and Stephen C. Levinson. 1987. Politeness. Some Universals in Language Usage. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Bulygina T. V. and A. D. Šmelev. 1993. "Kommunikativnaja modal'nost': konstatacija vozmožnosti, gipotezy i kvazi-soobšcenija". In: Giusti F. Fici and S. Signorini (eds.). Kategorija skazuemogo v slavjanskich jazykach: modal'most' i aktualizacja. Akty meždunarodnoj konferencii Certosa di Pontignano 26-29.03.1992. München. ; Bulygina T. V. and A. D. Šmelev. 1997. Jazykovaja konceptualizacija mira (na materiale russkoj grammatiki). Moscow. ; Buttler, Danuta. 1978. Rozwój semantyczny wyrazów polskich. Warszawa: Wydawnictwa Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Bybee, Joan L. and William Pagliuca. 1985. "Cross-linguistic comparison and the development of grammatical meaning". In: Jacek Fisiak (ed.). Historical Semantics and Historical Word-formation. Berlin: Mouton, 59–84. ; Bybee, Joan L., Revere Perkins and William Pagliuca. 1994. The Evolution of Grammar. Chicago: University of Chicago Press. ; Bybee, Joan and Suzanne Fleischman. 1995. "Modality in grammar and discourse. An introductory essay". In: Joan Bybee and Suzanne Fleischman (eds.). Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–14. ; Byloo, Pieter, Richard Kastein and Jan Nuyts. 2007. "On certainly and zeker". In: Mike Hannay and Gerard J. Steen (eds.). Structural-functional Studies in English Grammar. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 35–57. ; Celle, Agnès. 2009. "Hearsay adverbs and modality". In: Raphael Salkie, Pierre Busuttil and Johan der Auwera (eds.). Modality in English: Theory and Description. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 269–293. ; Celle, Agnès. 2011. "The intersubjective function of modal adverbs. A contrastive English-French study of adverbs in journalistic discourse". In: Karin Aijmer (ed.). Contrastive Pragmatics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 23–36. ; Chafe, Wallace L. 1986. "Evidentiality in English conversation and academic writing". In: Wallace L. Chafe and Johanna Nichols (eds.). Evidentiality: The Linguistic Coding of Epistemology. Norwook, NJ: Ablex, 261–272. ; Coates, Jennifer. 1983. The Semantics of the Modal Auxiliaries. London/Canberra: Croom Helm. ; Coates, Jennifer. 1990. Modal meaning: The semantics-pragmatics interface. Journal of Semantics 7: 53–63. ; Coates, Jennifer. 1995. "The expression of root and epistemic possibility in English": In: Joan Bybee and Suzanne Fleischman (eds.). Modality in Grammar and Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 56–66. ; Cornillie, Bert. 2007. On the continuum between lexical and grammatical evidentiality. Evidence from Spanish. Italian Journal of Linguistics 19 (1): 108–129. ; Cornillie, Bert. 2009. Evidentiality and epistemic modality: on the close relationship of two different categories. Functions of Language 16 (1): 44–32. ; Cornillie, Bert. 2010. "An interactional approach to epistemic and evidential adverbs in Spanish conversation". In: Gabriele Diewald and Elena Smirnova (eds.). Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 309–330. ; Cornillie, Bert. 2018. On speaker commitment and speaker involvement. Evidence from evidentials in Spanish talk-in-interaction. Journal of Pragmatics 128: 161–170. ; Cornillie, Bert and Paola Pietrandrea. 2012. Modality at work. Cognitive, interactional and textual functions of modal markers. Journal of Pragmatics 44 (15): 2109–2115. ; Cornillie, Bert and Pedro Gras. 2015. On the interactional dimension of evidentials: The case of the Spanish evidential discourse markers. Discourse Studies 17(2): 141–161. ; Cribb, Michael. 2012. Semantic and pragmatic miscues in non-native spoken extended discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 44: 71–82. ; Culioli, Antoine. 1995. Cognition and Representation in Linguistic Theory. Amsterdam: John Benjamins. ; Cyran, Władysław. 1967. Przysłówki polskie. Budowa słowotwórcza. Łódź: Łódzkie Towarzystwo Naukowe. ; Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2002. Wiedza i niewiedza. Studium polskich czasowników epistemicznych. Warszawa: Katedra Lingwistyki Formalnej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2008a. Opis przysłówków epistemicznych jako wyzwanie teoretyczne. Prace Filologiczne vol. LIV. Seria Językoznawcza: 47–62. ; Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2008b. Jak nie należy opisywać przysłówków epistemicznych? Wiener Slawitischer Almanach 72. Lexikalishe Evidenzialitäts-Marker in slavischen Sprachen: 109–128. ; Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2009. Ewentualnie jako semantyczny równoważnik pewnego warunku, ewentualnie pewnej alternatywy. Linguistica Copernicana 1(1): 77–92. ; Danielewiczowa, Magdalena. 2012. W głąb specjalizacji znaczeń. Przysłówkowe metapredykaty atestacyjne. Warszawa: Katedra Lingwistyki Formalnej Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Davies, Norman. 2005. God's Playground. A History of Poland. Vol. II. 1795 to the Present. Revised edition. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Déchaine, Rose-Marie, Clare Cook, Jeffrey Muehlbauer and Ryan Waldie. 2017. (De‑) constructing evidentiality. Lingua 186-187: 21–54. ; Degand, Liesbeth, Bert Cornillie and Paola Pietrandrea (eds.). 2013a. Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and Description. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Degand, Liesbeth, Bert Cornillie and Paola Pietrandrea. 2013b. "Modal particles and discourse markers: Two sides of the same coin?" In: Liesbeth Degand, Bert Cornillie and Paola Pietrandrea (eds.). Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and Description. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 1–18. ; De Haan, Ferdinand. 1998. The Category of Evidentiality. Unpublished ms., University of New Mexico. ; De Haan, Ferdinand. 1999. Evidentiality and epistemic modality: Setting boundaries. Southwest Journal of Linguistics 18: 83–101. ; Delancey, Scott. 2001. "The mirative and evidentiality". In: Patrick Dendale and Liliane Tasmowski (eds.). Evidentiality. Special Issue of Journal of Pragmatics 33: 369–382. ; De Smet, Hendrik and Jean-Christophe Verstraete. 2006. Coming to terms with subjectivity. Cognitive Linguistics 17: 365–392. ; Diewald, Gabriele. 2006. "Discourse particles and modal particles as grammatical elements." In: Kerstin Fischer (ed.). Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 403–425. ; Diewald, Gabriele. 2011. Pragmaticalization (defined) as grammaticalization of discourse functions. Linguistics 49(2): 365–390. ; Diewald, Gabriele. 2013. "'Same same but different' – Modal particles, discourse markers and the art (and purpose) of categorization". In: Liesbeth Degand, Bert Cornillie and Paola Pietrandrea (eds.). Discourse Markers and Modal Particles. Categorization and Description. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 19–45. ; Diewald, Gabriele and Elena Smirnova. 2010a. "Introduction. Evidentiality in European languages: the lexicogrammatical distinction". In: Gabriele Diewald and Elena Smirnova (eds.). Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–14. ; Diewald, Gabriele and Elena Smirnova. 2010b (eds.). Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Dostie, Gaétane. 2004. Pragmaticalisation et marqueurs discursifs. Analyse sémantique et traitement lexicographique. Bruxelles: De Boeck and Larcier, Editions Ducoulot. ; Downing, Angela. 2001. Surely you knew! Surely as a marker of evidentiality and stance. Functions of Language 8: 251–282. ; Downing, Angela. 2006. "The English pragmatic marker surely and its functional counterparts in Spanish". In: Karin Aijmer and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen (eds.). Pragmatic Markers in Contrast. Oxford: Elsevier, 39–58. ; Downing, Angela. 2009a. "From manner adverb to stance marker. Surely, (inter)subjectivity and English cultural norms". In: Rhonwen Bowen, Mats Mobärg and Söve Ohlander (eds.). Corpora and Discourse – and Stuff: Papers in Honour of Karin Aijmer. Göteborg: University of Göteborg, 13–22. ; Downing, Angela. 2009b. Surely as a marker of dominance and entitlement in the crime fiction of P.D. James. Brno Studies in English 35: 79–92. ; Downing, Angela and Philip Locke. 2006. English Grammar. A University Course (2nd edn) [first published 1992]. London/New York: Routledge. ; Duszak, Anna. 1997. "Cross-cultural academic communication: a discourse-community view". In: Anna Duszak (ed.). Culture and Styles of Academic Discourse. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 11–39. ; Duszak, Anna. 1998. Tekst, dyskurs, komunikacja językowa. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ; Duszak, Anna and Grzegorz Kowalski. 2013. Systemowo-funkcjonalna analiza dyskursu. Kraków: Universitas. ; Dyvik, Helge. 1998. "A translational basis for semantics." In: Stig Johansson and Signe Oksefjell (eds.). Corpora and Cross-linguistic Research: Theory, Method and Case Studies. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 51–86. ; Dyvik, Helge. 2004. "Translations as semantic mirrors: from parallel corpus to wordnet". In: Karin Aijmer and Bengt Altenberg (eds.). Advances in Corpus Linguistics. Papers from the 23rd International Conference on English Language Research on Computerized Corpora. Amsterdam: Rodopi, 311–326. ; Erman, Britt and Ulla-Britt Kotsinas. 1993. Pragmaticalization: The case of ba' and you know. Studier i modern språkvetenskap 10: 76–93. ; Ernst, Thomas. 2009. Speaker-oriented adverbs. Natural and Linguistic Theory 27 (3): 497–544. ; Facchinetti, Roberta. 2009. "Subjectivity, (non-)subjectivity and intersubjectivity". In: Anastasios Tsangalidis and Roberta Facchinetti (eds.). Studies on English Modality in Honour of Frank Palmer. Bern: Peter Lang, 53–68. ; Faller, Martina. 2002. Semantics and Pragmatics of Evidentials in Cuzco Quechua. PhD dissertation. Department of Linguistics. Stanford University, at: http://personalpages.manchester.ac.uk/staff/martina.t.faller/documents/thesis-a4.pdf. ; Faller, Martina. 2017. Reportative evidentials and modal subordination. Lingua 186-187: 55–67. ; Finegan, Edward. 1995. "Subjectivity and subjectivisation: An introduction". In: Dieter Stein and Susan Wright (eds.). Subjectivity and Subjectivisation in Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 1–15. ; Fischer, Kerstin. 2000. From Cognitive Semantics to Lexical Pragmatics. The Functional Polysemy of Discourse Particles. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Fischer, Kerstin (ed.). 2006a. Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ; Fischer, Kerstin. 2006b. "Towards an understanding of the spectrum of approaches to discourse particles: introduction to the volume". In: Kerstin Fischer (ed.). Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 1–20. ; Fischer, Kerstin. 2014. "Discourse markers". In: Klaus P. Schneider and Anne Barron (eds.). Pragmatics of Discourse. Berlin/Boston: De Gruyter Mouton, 271–294. ; Fisiak, Jacek, Maria Lipińska-Grzegorek and Tadeusz Zabrocki. 1978. An Introductory English-Polish Contrastive Grammar. Warszawa: Państwowe Wydawnictwo Naukowe. ; Foolen, Ad. 1996. "Pragmatic particles". In: Handbook of Pragmatics online. John Benjamins. DOI:10.1075/hop2.pra3. ; Fox, Barbara A. 2001. Evidentiality: Authority, responsibility, and entitlement in English conversation. Journal of Linguistic Anthropology 11(2): 167–192. ; Fraser, Bruce. 1990. An approach to discourse markers. Journal of Pragmatics 14: 383–95. ; Fraser, Bruce. 1996. Pragmatic markers. Pragmatics 6 (2):167–190. ; Fraser, Bruce. 1999. What are discourse markers? Journal of Pragmatics 31: 931–952. ; Fryer, Daniel Lees. 2013. "Exploring the dialogism of academic discourse: Heteroglossic engagement in medical research articles". In: Gisle Andersen and Kristin Bech (eds.). English Corpus Linguistics: Variation in Time, Space and Genre. Amsterdam/New York: Rodopi, 183–207. ; Gerhardt, Julie. 1985. On the use of will and gonna. Toward a description of activity types for child language. Discourse Processes 8: 143–75. ; Gerhardt, Julie. 1990. The relation of language to content in children's speech. The role of hafta statements in structuring 3-year-olds' discourse. IPrA Papers in Pragmatics 4 (1/2): 1–57. ; Gil-Salom, Luz and Carmen Soler-Monreal. 2009. Interacting with the reader: Politeness strategies in engineering research article discussions. International Journal of English Studies. Special Issue: 175–189. ; Głowiński, Michał. 1988. "Dyskurs". In: Janusz Sławiński (ed.). Słownik terminów literackich. Wrocław: Ossolineum. ; Goffman, Erving. 1972 [1955]. "On face-work: an analysis of ritual elements in social interaction". In: John Laver and Sandy Hutcheson (eds.). Communication in Face to Face Interaction: Selected Rreadings. Harmondsworth: Penguin, 319–346. ; Grabias, Stanisław. 1994. Język w zachowaniach społecznych. Lublin: Wydawnictwo UMCS. ; Greenbaum, Sidney. 1969. Studies in English Adverbial Usage. London: Longman. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 1984. Program metodologiczny opisu partykuł. Sborník Prací Filosofické Fakulty Brněnské University A 32: 77–88. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 1986a. Polskie partykuły. Składnia, semantyka, leksykografia. Wrocław: Ossolineum. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 1986b. On the syntactic properties of particles (with special reference to Polish). International Journal of Slavic Linguistics and Poetics 33: 7–16. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 1989. "Preliminaries for semantic description of Polish particles". In: Harald Weydt (ed.). Sprechen mit Partikeln. Berlin/New York: Walter de Gruyter, 77–84. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 1997. Wyrażenia funkcyjne. Studium leksykograficzne. Kraków: Instytut Języka Polskiego PAN. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 2002. "Właściwości linearne partykuł modalnych a struktura tematyczno-rematyczna wypowiedzenia". In: Janusz Siatkowski (ed.). Z polskich studiów slawistycznych seria 10, Językoznawstwo. Warszawa: Komitet Słowianoznawstwa PAN, 89–98. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 2008. "O cechach syntaktycznych i semantycznych wyrażeń widać, widocznie, najwidoczniej (na tle kategorii ewidencjonalności)". In: Björn Wiemer and Vladimir A. Plungian (eds.). Lexicalische Evidenzialitäts-Marker in slavischen Sprachen (Wiener Slawistischer Almanach 72). München-Wien: Verlag Otto Sagner, 129–148. ; Grochowski, Maciej. 2009. Miejsce partykuł w systemie części mowy. Historia i współczesność (na przykładzie języka polskiego). Sprawozdania z czynności i posiedzeń Polskiej Akademii Umiejętności LXXI (2007): 20–37. ; Grochowski Maciej, Anna Kisiel and Magdalena Żabowska. 2014. Słownik gniazdowy partykuł polskich. Kraków: Polska Akademia Umiejętności. ; Grzegorczykowa, Renata. 1975. Funkcje semantyczne i składniowe polskich przysłówków. Wrocław/Warszawa/Kraków/Gdańsk: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich Wydawnictwo PAN. ; Grzegorczykowa, Renata. 1998. "Przysłówek". In: Renata Grzegorczykowa, Roman Laskowski and Henryk Wróbel (eds.). Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego. Morfologia. Warszawa: PWN, 524-535. ; Grzegorczykowa, Renata. 2007. Wstęp do językoznawstwa. Warszawa: PWN. ; Grzegorczykowa, Renata. 2010. Wprowadzenie do semantyki językoznawczej (4th edn). Warszawa: PWN. ; Grzegorczykowa, Renata, Roman Laskowski and Henryk Wróbel (eds.). 1998. Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego. Morfologia (2nd edn). Warszawa: PWN. ; Halliday, Michael A.K. 1970. Functional diversity in language as seen from a consideration of modality and mood in English. Foundations of Language 6: 322–361. ; Halliday, Michael A. K. 2004. An Introduction to Functional Grammar (3rd edn revised by Christian M. I. M. Matthiessen). London: Hodder Arnold. ; Hanks, William F. 2012. Evidentiality in social interaction. Pragmatics and Society 3:2. (Special Issue on Evidentiality in Interaction): 169–180. ; Hansen, Björn. 1998. Powstanie i rozwój słów modalnych w języku polskim. Poradnik Językowy 1-2: 25–43. ; Hansen, Björn. 2009. "Modals and the boundaries of grammaticalization: The case of Russian, Polish and Serbian-Croatian". In: Walter Bisang, Nikolaus P. Himmelmann and Bjön Wiemer (eds.). What Makes Grammaticalization?: A Look from its Fringes and its Components. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 245–270. ; Hansen, Björn and Petr Karlik (eds.). 2005. Modality in Slavonic Languages: New Perspectives. München: Sagner. ; Hansen, Björn and Ana Drobnjaković. 2010. Polish in the light of grammaticalization theory. Cognitive Studies/Études Cognitives 10: 35–51. ; Harris, Zelig S. 1952. Discourse analysis. Language 28 (1):1–30. ; Hasselgård, Hilde. 2006. "'Not now'– On non-correspondence between the cognate adverbs now and nå". In: Karin Aijmer and Anne-Marie Simon-Vandenbergen (eds.). Pragmatic Markers in Contrast. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 93–113. ; Hasselgård, Hilde. 2010. Adjunct Adverbials in English. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Haumann, Dagmar. 2007. Adverb Licensing and Clause Structure in English. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Heliasz, Celina. 2012. Przysłówkowe wykładniki ograniczania dostępu do wiedzy o działaniach. Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki Uniwersytetu Warszawskiego. ; Hengeveld, Kees. 1988. Illocution, mood and modality in a functional grammar of Spanish. Journal of Semantics 6: 227–269. ; Hennemann, Anja. 2013. A Context-Sensitive and Functional Approach to Evidentiality in Spanish or Why Evidentiality Needs a Superordinate Category. Frankfurt am Main: Peter Lang. ; Holmes, Janet. 1982. Expressing doubt and certainty in English. RELC Journal 13 (2): 9–28. ; Holmes, Janet. 1983. "Speaking English with the appropriate degree of conviction". In: Christopher Brumfit (ed.). Learning and Teaching Languages for Communication: Applied Linguistics Perspectives. London: Centre for Information on Language Teaching and Research, 100–113. ; Holmes, Janet. 1988. Of course: a pragmatic particle in New Zealand's women's and men's speech. Australian Journal of Linguistics 2: 49–74. ; Honowska, Maria. 1984. Prawdopodobnie (Przyczynek do teorii aktu mowy). Polonica 10: 121–131. ; Hopper, Paul J. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1993. Grammaticalization. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Horn, Larry. 1972. On the Semantic Properties of Logical Operators in English. Bloomington: Mimeo Indiana University Linguistics Club. ; Hoye, Leo Francis. 1997. Adverbs and Modality in English. London/New York: Longman. ; Hoye, Leo Francis. 2009. "Modality in discourse: The pragmatics of epistemic modality". In: Anastasios Tsangalidis and Roberta Facchinetti (eds.). Studies on English Modality in Honour of Frank Palmer. Bern: Peter Lang, 99–131. ; Hryniewicz, Janusz. T. 2004. Polityczny i kulturowy kontekst rozwoju gospodarczego. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Naukowe SCHOLAR. ; Huddleston, Rodney and Geoffrey K. Pullum. 2002. The Cambridge Grammar of the English Language. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Hyland, Ken and John Milton. 1997. Qualification and certainty in L1 and L2 students' writing. Journal of Second Language Writing 6 (2): 183–205. ; Jakubowska, Ewa. 1999. Cross-cultural Dimensions of Politeness in the Case of Polish and English. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. ; Jaszczolt, Katarzyna M. 2009. Representing Time. An Essay on Temporality as Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Jaszczolt, Katarzyna M. 2011. "Contrastive analysis". In: Jan-Ola Östman and Jef Verschueren (eds.). Pragmatics in Practice. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 111–117. ; Jędrzejko, Ewa. 1987. Semantyka i składnia polskich czasowników deontycznych. Wrocław: Zakład Narodowy im. Ossolińskich. ; Jodłowski, Stanisław. 1971. Studia nad częściami mowy. Warszawa: PWN. ; Jodłowski, Stanisław. 1976. Podstawy polskiej składni. Warszawa: PWN. ; Jucker, Andreas H. and Yael Ziv. 1998. "Discourse markers: Introduction". In: Andreas H. Jucker and Yael Ziv (eds.). Discourse Markers. Description and Theory. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Kakietek, Piotr. 1980. English Modal Auxiliaries and their Equivalent Constructions in Polish. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski. ; Kärkkäinen, Elise. 2003. Epistemic Stance in English Conversation. A Description of its Interactional Functions, with a Focus on I think. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Kiseleva, K. L. and Deni Pajar. 1998. Diskursivnye slova: opyt kontekstno-semantičeskogo analiza. Moskva. ; Kiss, É. Katalin. 2009. "Introduction". In: Katalin É. Kiss (ed.). Adverbs and Adverbial Adjuncts at the Interfaces. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–18. ; Klemensiewicz, Zenon. 1963. Zarys składni polskiej. Warszawa: PWN. ; Klinge, Alex. 1995. On the linguistic interpretation of contractual modalities. Journal of Pragmatics 6: 649–675. ; Kokorniak, Iwona and Małgorzata Fabiszak. 2014. "Grammaticalization of Polish mental predicate prefixes". In: Sylvie Hancil and Ekkehard König (eds.). Grammaticalization – Theory and Data. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 109–128. ; Korytkowska, Małgorzata and Roman Roszko. 1997. Modalność imperceptywna. Gramatyka konfrontatywna bułgarsko-polska vol. 6, part 1, Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy. ; Koseska-Toszewa, Violetta. 1978. Relacje modus-tempus w języku bułgarskim na tle języka polskiego. Studia z Filologii Polskiej i Słowiańskiej XVII: 289–298. ; Koseska-Toszewa, Violetta, Viara Maldžieva and Jordan Pencev. 1996. Modalność. Problemy teoretyczne. Gramatyka konfrontatywna bułgarsko-polska vol. 6, part 1, Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy, Instytut Slawistyki Polskiej Akademii Nauk. ; Kratzer, Angelika. 1977. "What 'must' and 'can' must and can mean". Linguistics and Philosophy 1(1): 337–355. ; Kronning, Hans. 2003. "Modalité et énidentialité." In: Merete Birkelund, Gerhard Boysen and Poul Søren Kjaersgaard (eds.). Aspects de la modalité. Tübingen: Max Niemeyer Verlag, 131–151. ; Krzeszowski, Tomasz. 1984. "Tertium comparationis". In: Jacek Fisiak (ed.). Contrastive Linguistics. Prospects and Problems. Berlin/New York/Amsterdam: Mouton Publishers. ; Krzeszowski, Tomasz P. 1990a. Contrasting Languages: The Scope of Contrastive Linguistics. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Krzeszowski, Tomasz. P. 1990b. "Prototypes and equivalence". In: Jacek Fisiak (ed.). Further Insights into Contrasive Analysis. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 29–46. ; Krzyżyk, Danuta. 2008. Synonimia pojęć prawdziwościowych – teoria i nauczanie. Katowice: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Śląskiego. ; Labocha, Janina. 1996. "Tekst, wypowiedź, dyskurs". In: Stanisław Gajda and Mieczysław Balowski (eds.). Styl a tekst. Opole: Uniwersytet Opolski, 49–53. ; Lakoff, George. 1973. Hedges: A study in meaning criteria and the logic of fuzzy concepts. Journal of Philosophical Logic 2: 458–508. ; Langacker, Ronald. W. 1985. "Observations and speculations on subjectivity". In: John Haiman (ed.). Iconicity in Syntax. Proceedings of a Symposium on Iconicity in Syntax, Stanford, June 24-26, 1983. Amsterdam: Benjamins, 49–90. ; Langacker, Ronald. W. 1990. Subjectification. Cognitive Linguistics 1.1: 5–38. ; Langacker, Ronald. 1991. Foundations of Cognitive Grammar. Vol. II. Stanford: Stanford University Press. ; Langacker, Ronald. W. 2002. "Deixis and subjectivity". In: Frank Brisard (ed.). Grounding: The Epistemic Footing of Deixis and Reference. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–28. ; Laskowski, Roman. 1998. "Zagadnienia ogólne morfologii". In: Renata Grzegorczykowa, Roman Laskowski and Henryk Wróbel (eds.). Gramatyka współczesnego języka polskiego. Morfologia. Warszawa: PWN, 27–86. ; Lazard, Gilbert. 2001. On the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 359–367. ; Lee-Wong, Song Mei. 1999. Politeness and Face in Chinese Culture. Frankfurt: Peter Lang. ; Lehmann, Christian. 1995 [1982]. Thoughts on Grammaticalization. A Programmatic Sketch. (Arbeiten des Kölner Universalien-Projekts 48). Munich: Lincom Europa. ; Lehmann, Christian. 2008. "Information structure and grammaticalization". In: Elena Seoane and Maria José López Couso (eds.). Theoretical and Empirical Issues in Grammaticalization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 207–229. ; Lewandowska-Tomaszczyk, Barbara. 2007. "Polysemy, prototypes, and radial categories". In: Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuykens (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 139–169. ; Lewis, Diana M. 2003. Rhetorical motivations for the emergence of discourse particles, with special reference to English of course. In: Ton van der Wouden, Ad Foolen, and Piet Van de Craen (eds.). Particles. Special Issue of Belgian Journal of Linguistics 16: 79–91. ; Lewis, Diana M. 2006. "Discourse markers in English: A discourse-pragmatic view". In: Kerstin Fischer (ed.). Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 43–59. ; Lewis, Diana M. 2011. A discourse-constructional approach to the emergence of discourse markers in English. Linguistics 49 (2): 415–443. ; Lewis, Diana M. 2014. Discourse patterns in the development of discourse markers in English. Functions of Language 21 (1): 95–118. ; Liao, Silvie. 2009. Variation in the use of discourse markers by Chinese teaching assistants in the US. Journal of Pragmatics 41 (7): 1313–1328. ; Ligara, Bronisława. 1997. Polskie czasowniki modalne i ich francuskie ekwiwalenty tłumaczeniowe. Kraków: Universitas. ; Lubecka, Anna. 2000. Requests, Invitations, Apologies and Compliments in American English and Polish. A Cross-cultural Communication Perspective. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. ; Lyons, John. 1977. Semantics. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Łapa, Romana. 2003. Predykatywne wyrażenia modalne z bezokolicznikiem we współczesnej polskiej prasie. Poznań: Poznańskie Studia Polonistyczne. ; Macaulay, Ronald K. S. 1995. The adverbs of authority. English World-Wide 16: 37–60. ; Majsak, T. A. and S. G. Tatevosov. 2000. Prostranstvo govorjašcego v kategorijach grammatiki, ili Cego nel/zja skazat' o sebe samom. Voprosy jazykoznanija 5: 68–80. ; Marcjanik, Małgorzata. 1997. Polska grzeczność językowa. Kielce: WSP. ; Marcjanik, Małgorzata. 2008. Grzeczność w komunikacji językowej. Warszawa: PWN. ; Marcjanik, Małgorzata. 2009. Mówimy uprzejmie. Poradnik językowego savoir-vivre'u. Warszawa: PWN. ; Marín-Arrese, Juana I. 2009. "Commitment and subjectivity in the discourse of a judicial inquiry". In: Raphael Salkie, Pierre Busuttil and Johan der Auwera (eds.). Modality in English: Theory and Description. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 237–268. ; Marín-Arrese, Juana I., Gerda Haßler and Marta Carretero (eds.). 2017. Evidentiality Revisited. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamims. ; Martin, James Robert and David Rose. 2003. Working with Discourse: Meaning beyond the Clause. New York/London: Continuum. ; Martin, James Robert and Peter R. R. White. 2005. The Language of Evaluation: Appraisal in English. London/New York: Palgrave. ; Matthewson, Lisa. 2011. "On apparently non-modal evidentials". In: Olivier Bonami and Patricia Cabredo Hofherr (eds.). Emprical Issues in Formal Syntax and Semantics 8. http://www.cssp.cnrs.fr/eiss8/index_en.html, 333–357. ; McCready, Eric and Norry Ogata. 2007. Evidentiality, modality and probability. Linguistics and Philosophy 30(2): 147–206. ; Milewski, Tadeusz. 1969. Językoznawstwo. Warszawa: PWN. ; Misz, Henryk. 1968. Dodatkowe wyznaczniki intelektualne ze stanowiska formalnosyntaktycznego. Slavia Occidentalis 27: 147–151. ; Mitchell, Mark L., Janina M. Jolley and Robert R. O'Shea. 2003. Writing for Psychology. Wadsworth: Cengage Learling. ; Mortelmans, Tanja. 2007. "Modality in Cognitive Linguistics". In: Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuykens (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 869–889. ; Mortensen, Janus. 2012. "Subjectivity and intersubjectivity as aspects of epistemic stance marking". In: Nicole Baumgarten, Inke Du Bois and Juliane House (eds.). Subjectivity in Language and in Discourse. Bingley: Emerald, 229–246. ; Mosegaard Hansen, Maj-Britt. 1998. The Function of Discourse Particles: A Study with Special Reference to Spoken Standard French. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Mushin, Ilana. 2012. "Watching for witness": Evidential strategies and epistemic authority in Garrwa conversation. Pragmatics and Society 3:2. (Special Issue on Evidentiality in Interaction): 270–293. ; Mushin, Ilana. 2013. Making knowledge visible in discourse: Implications for the study of linguistic evidentiality. Discourse Studies 15 (5): 627–645. ; Müller, Simone. 2005. Discourse Markers in Native and Non-native English Discourse. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Myhill, John. 1995. Change and continuity in the functions of the American English modals. Linguistics 33: 157–211. ; Myhill, John. 1997. Should and ought: The rise of individually oriented modality in American English. Journal of English Linguistics 1: 3–23. ; Nagórko, Alicja. 2007. Zarys gramatyki polskiej. Warszawa: PWN. ; Nagórko, Alicja. 2012. Podręczna gramatyka języka polskiego. Warszawa: PWN. ; Narrog, Heiko. 2005. On defining modality again. Language Sciences 27.2: 165–192. ; Narrog, Heiko. 2012. Modality, Subjectivity, and Semantic Change. A Cross-linguistic Perspective. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Narrog, Heiko. 2014. "Beyond intersubjectification. Textual uses of modality and mood in subordinate clauses as part of speech-act orientation". In: Lieselotte Brems, Lobke Ghesquière and Freek Van de Velde (eds.). Intersubjectivity and Intersubjectification in Grammar and Discourse. Theoretical and Descriptive Advances. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 29–51. ; Narrog, Heiko. 2015. (Inter)subjectification and its limits in secondary grammaticalization. Language Sciences 47: 148–160. ; Nida, Eugene A. 2001. Language and Culture: Contexts in Translating. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Nuckolls, Janis. B. 2018. "The interactional and cultural pragmatics of evidentiality in Pastaza Quichua". In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 202–221. ; Nuckolls, Janis and Lev Michael. 2014. "Introduction. Evidentials and evidential strategies in interactional and socio-cultural contexts". In: Janis Nuckolls and Lev Michael (eds.). Evidentiality in Interaction. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 13–20. ; Nuyts, Jan. 2001a. Epistemic Modality, Language, and Conceptualization: A Cognitive-Pragmatic Perspective. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Nuyts, Jan. 2001b. Subjectivity as an evidential dimension in epistemic modal expressions. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 383–400. ; Nuyts, Jan. 2006. "Modality: Overview and linguistic issues". In: William Frawley (ed.). The Expression of Modality. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 1–26. ; Nuyts, Jan. 2007. "Cognitive Linguistics and Functional Linguistics". In: Dirk Geeraerts and Hubert Cuykens (eds.). The Oxford Handbook of Cognitive Linguistics. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 543–565. ; Nuyts, Jan. 2014. "Notions of (inter)subjectivity". In: Lieselotte Brems, Lobke Ghesquière and Freek Van de Velde (eds.). Intersubjectivity and Intersubjectification in Grammar and Discourse. Theoretical and Descriptive Advances. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 53–76. ; Nuyts, Jan. 2015. Subjectivity: Between discourse and conceptualization. Journal of Pragmatics 86: 106–110. ; Nuyts, Jan and Johan van der Auwera (eds.). 2016. The Oxford Handbook of Modality and Mood. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Ochs, Elinor. 1996. "Linguistic resources for socializing humanity". In: John J. Gumperz and Stephen C. Levinson (eds.). Rethinking Linguistic Relativity. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 407–437. ; Ogiermann, Eva. 2009. On Apologizing in Negative and Positive Politeness Cultures. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Palmer, Frank. R. 1990 [1979]. Modality and the English Modals (2nd edn). London: Longman. ; Palmer, Frank R. 2001 [1986]. Mood and Modality (2nd edn). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Panfilov, V V. 1977. Kategorija modal'nosti i ee rol' v konstituirovanii struktury predloženija i suždenija. Voprosy Jazykoznanija 4: 37–48. ; Papafragou, Anna. 2000. Modality: Issues in the Semantics-Pragmatics Interface. Amsterdam: Elsevier. ; Perkins, Michael R. 1983. Modal Expressions in English. London: Pinter. ; Pęzik, Piotr. 2016. "Exploring phraseological equivalence with Paralela". In: Ewa Gruszczyńska and Agnieszka Leńko-Szymańska (eds.). Polish Language Parallel Corpora. Warszawa: Instytut Lingwistyki Stosowanej UW, 67–81. ; Piekarczyk, Dorota. 2015. "O potrzebie rozróżniania metatekstu i metajęzyka". In: Tomasz Korpysz and Anna Kozłowska (eds.). Język pisarzy: problemy metajęzyka i metatekstu. Warszawa: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu Kardynała Stefana Wyszyńskiego, 11–27. ; Plungian, Vladimir. 2001. The place of evidentiality within the universal grammatical space. Journal of Pragmatics 33: 349–357. ; Portner, Paul. 2009. Modality. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Prévost, Sophie. 2011. A propos from verbal complement to discourse marker: A case of grammaticalization? Linguistics 49(2): 391–413. ; Quirk, Randolph, Jan Svartvik, Geoffrey Leech and Sidney Greenbaum. 1985. A Comprehensive Grammar of the English Language. London/New York: Longman. ; Rachwałowa, Maria. 1983. Przysłówki metatekstowe i modalne w próbie języka naukowej humanistyki. Rocznik Naukowo-Dydaktyczny WSP w Krakowie 80, Prace Językoznawcze IV: 133–142. ; Radden, Günter and René Dirven. 2007. Cognitive English Grammar. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Ramat, Paolo. 1996. "Allegedly, John is ill again": stratégies pour le médiatif. In: Zlatka Guentchéva (ed.). L'énonciation médiatisée. Louvain/Paris: Peeters, 287–298. ; Ramat, Paolo and Davide Ricca. 1998. "Sentence adverbs in the languages of Europe". In: Van der Auwera Johan and Dónall Ó. Baoill (eds.). Adverbial Constructions in the Languages of Europe. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 187–275. ; Rospond, Stanisław. 2009. Gramatyka historyczna języka polskiego z ćwiczeniami (4th edn). Warszawa: PWN. ; Roszko, Roman. 1993. Wykładniki modalności imperceptywnej w języku polskim i litewskim. Warszawa: Slawistyczny Ośrodek Wydawniczy. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2008. "An interdisciplinary approach to teaching grammar to prospective teachers of English". In: Krzysztof Bogacki, Barbara Głowacka and Dorota Potocka (eds.). Interdisciplinary Perspectives in Foreign Language Teacher Education. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 309–318. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2012a. "Evidential adverbs expressing certainty in English and Polish". In: Krzysztof Bogacki, Joanna Cholewa and Agata Rozumko (eds.). Formal and Semantic Aspects of Linguistic Research. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 249–260. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2012b. Speech-act adverbs in English and Polish: a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural comparison. Białostockie Archiwum Językowe 12: 183–196. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2012c. "Cross-cultural aspects of contrastive studies: the discourse of fact and truth in English and Polish. A corpus-based study". In: Agata Rozumko and Dorota Szymaniuk (eds.). Directions in English-Polish Contrastive Research. Białystok: Wydawnictwo Uniwersytetu w Białymstoku, 89–118. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2015. Native and non-native uses of English modal particles. The case of surely and for sure. Poznań Studies in Contemporary Linguistics 51 (4): 551–573. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2016a. "Epistemic adverbs in English and Polish academic discourse". In: Joanna Leśniewska and Mateusz Urban (eds.). Beyond Words. Crossing Borders in English Studies. Vol. II. Kraków: Tertium, 57–72. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2016b. Linguistic concepts across languages: The category of epistemic adverbs in English and Polish. Yearbook of the Poznań Linguistic Meeting 2 (1): 195–214. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2016c. Adverbs of certainty in a cross-linguistic and cross-cultural perspective. English-Polish. Languages in Contrast: International Journal for Contrastive Linguistics 16 (2): 239–263. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2017. Adverbial markers of epistemic modality across disciplinary discourses: A contrastive study of research articles in six academic disciplines. Studia Anglica Posnaniensia 52 (1): 73–101. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2018. The functions of clearly in academic discourse: From an adverb of manner to a discourse marker. Studia Linguistica Universitatis Iagellonicae Cracoviensis 135: 47–57. ; Rozumko, Agata. 2019. Between acknowledgement and countering: Interpersonal functions of English reportative adverbs. Journal of Pragmatics 140: 1–11. ; Rozumko, Agata, forthcoming. Evidential strategies in receiver-directed talk: The case of English inferential adverbs, Lingua, http://doi.org/10.1016/j.lingua.2018.12.003 ; Rytel, Danuta. 1982. Leksykalne środki wyrażania modalności w języku czeskim i polskim. Wrocław: Ossolineum. ; Schiffrin, Deborah. 1987. Discourse Markers. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Schoonjans, Steven. 2013. "Modal particles: Problems in defining a category". In: Paola Pietrandrea, Bert Cornillie and Liesbeth Degand (eds.). Discourse Markers and Modal Particles: Categorization and Description. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins. ; Schwenter, Scott A. and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 2000. Invoking scalarity: The development of in fact. Journal of Historical Pragmatics 1–1: 7–25. ; Shapiro, Barbara J. 2000. A Culture of Fact: England, 1550-1720. Ithaca/London: Cornell University Press. ; Sidnell, Jack. 2012. Who knows best?: Evidentiality and epistemic asymmetry in conversation. Pragmatics and Society 3:2 (Special Issue on Evidentiality in Social Interaction): 294–320. ; Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie. 1992. The interactional utility of of course in spoken discourse. Occasional Papers in Systemic Linguistics 6: 213–226. ; Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie and Karin Aijmer. 2003. The expectation marker of course. Languages in Contrast 4 (1): 13–43. ; Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie and Karin Aijmer. 2007. The Semantic Field of Modal Certainty: A Corpus-based Study of English Adverbs. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Simon-Vandenbergen, Anne-Marie, Peter White and Karin Aijmer. 2007. "Presupposition and 'taking for granted' in mass communicated political argument. An illustration from British, Flemish and Swedish political colloquy". In: Anita Fetzer and Gerda Eva Lauerbach (eds.). Political Discourse in the Media. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 31–74. ; Skowronek, Katarzyna. 1993. Reklama. Studium pragmalingwistyczne. Kraków: PAN. ; Socka, Anna. 2015. Polish particles of hearsay: syntactic and textual distribution. In: Björn Wiemer (ed.). Studies on Evidentiality Marking in West and South Slavic. München/Berlin/Leipzig/Washington: Verlag Otto Sagner, 111–137. ; Squartini, Mario. 2012. Evidentiality in interaction: The concessive use of the Italian Future between grammar and discourse. Journal of Pragmatics 44: 2116–2128. ; Stępień, Marzena. 2010. Mówienie i prawda. O czasownikowych wykładnikach wiedzy niezweryfikowanej przez mówiącego. Warszawa: Wydział Polonistyki UW/BEL Studio. ; Swan, Toril. 1988. Sentence Adverbials in English: A Synchronic and Diachronic Investigation. Oslo: Novis. ; Szczyrbak, Magdalena. 2014. The Realisation of Concession in the Discourse of Judges. A Genre Perspective. Kraków: Jagiellonian University Press. ; Tabor, Whitney and Elizabeth Closs Traugott. 1998. "Structural scope expansion and grammaticalization". In: Anna Giacalone Ramat and Paul J. Hopper (eds.). The Limits of Grammaticalization. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 229–272. ; Tarano, Gina. 2008. "Discourse adjectives". In: Louise Mc Nally and Christopher Kennedy (eds.). Adjectives and Adverbs: Syntax, Semantics and Discourse. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 305–327. ; Thornes, Tim. 2018. Evidentiality in the Uto-Aztecan languages. In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 409–430. ; Tokarski, Jan. 1949. O kategorii przysłówka. Poradnik Językowy 29/2: 14–20. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1989. On the rise of epistemic meanings in English: An example of subjectification in semantic change. Language 65: 31–55. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1995a. "Subjectification in grammaticalisation". In: Susan Wright and Dieter Stein (eds.). Subjectivity and Subjectivisation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 31–54. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 1995b. The role of the development of discourse markers in a theory of grammaticalization. Paper presented at ICHL 12 Manchester, UK, August. Version of 11/97. At: http://www/~traugott/papers/discourse.pdf. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2003. "From subjectification to intersubjectification". In: Raymond Hickey (ed.). Motives for Language Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 124–139. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2006. "Historical aspects of modality". In: William Frawley (ed.). The Expression of Modality. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 107–139. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2007. Discussion article: Discourse markers, modal particles, and contrastive analysis, synchronic and diachronic. Catalan Journal of Linguistics 6: 139–157. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2010. "(Inter)subjectivity and (inter)subjectification: A reassessment". In: Kristin Davidse, Lieven Vandelanotte and Hubert Cuyckens (eds.). Subjectification, Intersubjectification and Grammaticalization. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 29–71. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs. 2014. "Intersubjectification and clause periphery". In: Lieselotte Brems, Lobke Ghesquière and Freek Van de Velde (eds.). Intersubjectivity and Intersubjectification in Grammar and Discourse. Theoretical and Descriptive Advances. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 7–27. ; Traugott, Elizabeth Closs and Richard B. Dasher. 2002. Regularity in Semantic Change. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. ; Travis, Catherine E. 2006. "The Natural Semantic Metalanguage approach to discourse markers". In: Kerstin Fischer (ed.). Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 219–241. ; Trillo, Jesus R. 2002. The pragmatic fossilization of discourse markers in non-native speakers of English. Journal of Pragmatics 34 (6): 769–784. ; Tutak, Kinga. 2003. Leksykalne nieczasownikowe wykładniki modalności epistemicznej w autobiografiach. Kraków: Księgarnia Akademicka. ; Usoniene, Aurelia and Audrone Šoliene. 2012. "Choice of strategies in realizations of epistemic possibility in English and Lithuanian: A corpus-based study". In: Gert De Sutter, Kris Heylen and Stefania Marzo (eds.). Corpus Studies in Contrastive Linguistics. Amsterdam/Philadelphia: John Benjamins, 141–166. ; van der Auwera, Johan and Vladimir A. Plungian. 1998. Modality's semantic map. Linguistic Typology 2 (1): 79–124. ; van der Auwera, Johan, Ewa Schalley and John Nuyts. 2005. "Epistemic possibility in a Slavonic parallel corpus – a pilot study". In: Björn Hansen and Petr Karlik (eds.). Modality in Slavonic Languages: New Perspectives. München: Sagner, 201–217. ; Van linden, An. 2012. Modal Adjectives: English Deontic and Evaluative Constructions in Synchrony and Diachrony. Berlin: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Verschueren, Jef. 1999. Understanding Pragmatics. London: Arnold. ; Verstraete, Jean-Christophe. 2001. Subjective and objective modality: Interpersonal and ideational functions in the English modal auxiliary system. Journal of Pragmatics 33(10): 1505–1528. ; Vidrine, D. V. 2016. A blurb of: Stanley H. Block, Carolyn Bryant Block and Guy do Plessis. Mind-Body Workbook for addiction: Effective Tools for Substance-Abuse Recovery and Relapse Prevention. New Harbinger Publications. ; Vinogradov, Viktor Vladimirovitch. 1975 [1950]. "On kategorii modal'nosti in modal'nych slovach v russkom jazyke [On the category of modality and modal markers in Russian]". In: V. V. Vinogradov: Izbrannye trudy. Issledovanija po ruskskoj grammatike. Moscow, 53–87. ; Visconti, Jacqueline. 2013. Facets of subjectification. Language Sciences 36: 7–17. ; Vold, Eva Thue. 2006. "The choice and use of epistemic modality markers in linguistics and medical research articles". In: Marina Bondi and Ken Hyland (eds.). Academic Discourse across Disciplines. New York: Peter Lang, 225–249. ; Vološinov, V. N. 1929 [1995]. Marxism and the Philosophy of Language. Translated by L. Matjka and I. R. Titunik. London: Routledge. ; Wajszczuk, Jadwiga. 1997. System znaczeń w obszarze spójników polskich. Wprowadzenie do opisu. Warszawa: Katedra Lingwistyki Formalnej UW. ; Wajszczuk, Jadwiga. 2000. Can a division of lexemes according to syntactic criteria be consistent? Biuletyn Polskiego Towarzystwa Językoznawczego 55: 20–38. ; Wajszczuk, Jadwiga. 2005. O metatekście. Warszawa: Katedra Lingwistyki Formalnej UW. ; Wajszczuk, Jadwiga. 2010. Functional class (so called "part of speech") assignment as a kind of meaning-bound word syntactic formation. Cognitive Studies/Études Cognitives 10: 15–33. ; Warchał, Krystyna. 2010. Encoding certainty. On some epistemic modality markers in English and Polish research articles. The case of MUST/MUSIEĆ. Internet-Zeitschrift für Kulturwissenschaften Nr 17. http://www.inst.at/trans/17Nr/2-7/2-7_warchal/17.htm [last accessed 4 June 2015]. ; Warchał, Krystyna. 2015. Certainty and Doubt in Academic Discourse: Epistemic Modality Markers in English and Polish Linguistics Articles. Katowice: Uniwersytet Śląski. ; Watts, Richard. 1984. An analysis of epistemic possibility and probability. English Studies 65: 129–140. ; Weydt, Harald. 2006. What are particles good for?" In: Kerstin Fischer (ed.). Approaches to Discourse Particles. Amsterdam: Elsevier, 205–217. ; White, Peter R. R. 2000. "Dialogue and inter-subjectivity: reinterpreting the semantics of modality and hedging". In: Malcolm Coulthard, Janet Cotterill and Frances Rock (eds.). Dialogue Analysis VII: Working with Dialogue: Selected Papers from the 7th IADA Conference Birmingham 1999. Tübingen: Niemeyer, 67–80. ; White, Peter R. R. 2003. Beyond modality and hedging: a dialogic view of the language of intersubjective stance. Text 23 (2): 259–284. ; Wiemer, Björn. 2006. Particles, parentheticals, conjunctions and prepositions as evidentiality markers in contemporary Polish (a first exploratory study). Studies in Polish Linguistics 3: 5–67. ; Wiemer, Björn. 2010. "Hearsay in European languages: toward an integrative account of grammatical and lexical marking". In: Gabriele Diewald and Elena Smirnova (eds.). Linguistic Realization of Evidentiality in European Languages. Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter, 59–129. ; Wiemer, Björn. 2018. "Evidentials and epistemic modality". In: Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (ed.). The Oxford Handbook of Evidentiality. Oxford: Oxford University Press, 85–108. ; Wiemer, Björn and Anna Socka. 2017a. How much does pragmatics help to contrast the meaning of hearsay adverbs? Part 1. Studies in Polish Linguistics 12-1, 21–56. ; Wiemer, Björn and Anna Socka. 2017b. How much does pragmatics help to contrast the meaning of hearsay adverbs? Part 2. Studies in Polish Linguistics 12-2, 75–95. ; Wierzbicka, Anna. 1969. Dociekania semantyczne. Wrocław: Ossolineum. ; Wierzbicka, Anna. 1971. "Metatekst w tekście". In: Maria Renata Mayenowa (ed.). O spójności tekstu. Wrocław: Ossolineum, 105–121. ; Wierzbicka, Anna. 2003. Cross-Cultural Pragmatics. The Semantics of Human Interaction (2nd edn). Berlin/New York: Mouton de Gruyter. ; Wierzbicka, Anna. 2006. English: Meaning and Culture. Oxford: Oxford University Press. ; Wierzbicka, Anna. 2010. Experience, Evidence and Sense. The Hidden Cultural Legacy of English. Oxford/New York: Oxford University Press. ; Willett, Thomas. 1988. A cross-linguistic survey of the grammaticalization of evidentiality. Studies in Language 12 (1): 51–97. ; Williams, Jessica. 1992. Planning, discourse marking, and the comprehensibility of international teaching assistants. TESOL Quarterly 26 (4): 693–711. ; Willim, Ewa. 2010. O sporach wokół formy i funkcji we współczesnym językoznawstwie. Formalizm kontra funkcjonalizm? Studia Copernicana 1 (3): 81–127. ; Willim, Ewa and Elżbieta Mańczak-Wohlfeld. 1997. A Contrastive Approach to Problems with English. Warszawa/Kraków: Wydawnictwo Naukowe PWN. ; Witosz, Bożena. 2012. Badania nad dyskursem we współczesnym językonawstwie polonistycznym. Oblicza komunikacji 5: 61–76. ; Wróbel, Henryk. 2001. Gramatyka języka polskiego. Kraków: Spółka Wydawnicza "Od nowa". ; Żabowska, Magdalena. 2006. Zróżnicowanie semantyczne partykuł epistemicznych. LingVaria 1: 203–213. ; Żabowska, Magdalena. 2013. Faktycznie i rzeczywiście – operacje na wiedzy i ich leksykalizacja. Linguistica Copernicana 1 (9): 131–141. ; Żabowska, Magdalena. 2014. "Partykułologia i partykułografia. Stan obecny i perspektywy". In: Andrzej Moroz, Piotr Sobotka and Magdalena Żabowska (eds.). Maiuscula linguistica. Studia in honorem Professori Matthiae Grochowski sextuagesimo quinto dedicata. Warszawa: BEL Studio, 103–119. ; Cambridge Advanced Learner's Dictionary and Thesaurus. Cambridge University Press. at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org. ; Collins English Dictionary (Complete and Unabridged 10th Edition). HarperCollins Publishers. at: http://www.dictionary.com. ; COBUILD Advanced English Dictionary at: https://dictionary.cambridge.org. ; Collins English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary. 1996. ed. by Jacek Fisiak et al. Warszawa: Polska Oficyna Wydawnicza. ; http://www.dictionary.com (based on the Random House Dictionary 2018). ; Inny Słownik Języka Polskiego vols 1-2. 2000. ed. by Mirosław Bańko. Warszawa: PWN. ; Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English (2nd edition) 1990. Longman: Harlow/Warszawa: PWN. ; LDOCE online: Longman Dictionary of Contemporary English at: https://www.ldoceonline.com. ; Merriam-Webster: https://www.merriam-webster.com. ; English Oxford Living Dictionaries at: https://en.oxforddictionaries.com. ; Great English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary. 2006. Warszawa: PWN and Oxford University Press (online edition). ; Słownik Języka Polskiego vols 1-11. 1958-1969. ed. by Witold Doroszewski. Warszawa: Polska Akademia Nauk (online: http://sjp.pwn.pl/doroszewski). ; Słownik Języka Polskiego vols. 1-3. 1978-1981. ed. by Mieczysław Szymczak. Warszawa: PWN. ; Stanisławski, Jan. 1999 [1955-1964]. The Great English-Polish/Polish-English Dictionary. Warszawa: Philip Wilson. ; Uniwersalny Słownik Języka Polskiego. 2003. ed. by Stanisław Dubisz. Warszawa: PWN. ; Wielki Słownik Języka Polskiego online ed. by Piotr Żmigrodzki et al. at: http://wsjp.pl. ; The British National Corpus (BNC): http://bncweb.lancs.ac.uk/ ; Narodowy Korpus Języka Polskiego (NKJP): http://www.nkjp.uni.lodz.pl/index_adv.jsp ; Paralela (a parallel English-Polish/Polish-English corpus): http://paralela.clarin-pl.eu/

Publisher's version (útgefin grein) ; Background In an era of shifting global agendas and expanded emphasis on non-communicable diseases and injuries along with communicable diseases, sound evidence on trends by cause at the national level is essential. The Global Burden of Diseases, Injuries, and Risk Factors Study (GBD) provides a systematic scientific assessment of published, publicly available, and contributed data on incidence, prevalence, and mortality for a mutually exclusive and collectively exhaustive list of diseases and injuries. Methods GBD estimates incidence, prevalence, mortality, years of life lost (YLLs), years lived with disability (YLDs), and disability-adjusted life-years (DALYs) due to 369 diseases and injuries, for two sexes, and for 204 countries and territories. Input data were extracted from censuses, household surveys, civil registration and vital statistics, disease registries, health service use, air pollution monitors, satellite imaging, disease notifications, and other sources. Cause-specific death rates and cause fractions were calculated using the Cause of Death Ensemble model and spatiotemporal Gaussian process regression. Cause-specific deaths were adjusted to match the total all-cause deaths calculated as part of the GBD population, fertility, and mortality estimates. Deaths were multiplied by standard life expectancy at each age to calculate YLLs. A Bayesian meta-regression modelling tool, DisMod-MR 2.1, was used to ensure consistency between incidence, prevalence, remission, excess mortality, and cause-specific mortality for most causes. Prevalence estimates were multiplied by disability weights for mutually exclusive sequelae of diseases and injuries to calculate YLDs. We considered results in the context of the Socio-demographic Index (SDI), a composite indicator of income per capita, years of schooling, and fertility rate in females younger than 25 years. Uncertainty intervals (UIs) were generated for every metric using the 25th and 975th ordered 1000 draw values of the posterior distribution. Findings Global health has steadily improved over the past 30 years as measured by age-standardised DALY rates. After taking into account population growth and ageing, the absolute number of DALYs has remained stable. Since 2010, the pace of decline in global age-standardised DALY rates has accelerated in age groups younger than 50 years compared with the 1990-2010 time period, with the greatest annualised rate of decline occurring in the 0-9-year age group. Six infectious diseases were among the top ten causes of DALYs in children younger than 10 years in 2019: lower respiratory infections (ranked second), diarrhoeal diseases (third), malaria (fifth), meningitis (sixth), whooping cough (ninth), and sexually transmitted infections (which, in this age group, is fully accounted for by congenital syphilis; ranked tenth). In adolescents aged 10-24 years, three injury causes were among the top causes of DALYs: road injuries (ranked first), self-harm (third), and interpersonal violence (fifth). Five of the causes that were in the top ten for ages 10-24 years were also in the top ten in the 25-49-year age group: road injuries (ranked first), HIV/AIDS (second), low back pain (fourth), headache disorders (fifth), and depressive disorders (sixth). In 2019, ischaemic heart disease and stroke were the top-ranked causes of DALYs in both the 50-74-year and 75-years-and-older age groups. Since 1990, there has been a marked shift towards a greater proportion of burden due to YLDs from non-communicable diseases and injuries. In 2019, there were 11 countries where non-communicable disease and injury YLDs constituted more than half of all disease burden. Decreases in age-standardised DALY rates have accelerated over the past decade in countries at the lower end of the SDI range, while improvements have started to stagnate or even reverse in countries with higher SDI. Interpretation As disability becomes an increasingly large component of disease burden and a larger component of health expenditure, greater research and development investment is needed to identify new, more effective intervention strategies. With a rapidly ageing global population, the demands on health services to deal with disabling outcomes, which increase with age, will require policy makers to anticipate these changes. The mix of universal and more geographically specific influences on health reinforces the need for regular reporting on population health in detail and by underlying cause to help decision makers to identify success stories of disease control to emulate, as well as opportunities to improve. Copyright (C) 2020 The Author(s). Published by Elsevier Ltd. ; Research reported in this publication was supported by the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation; the University of Melbourne; Queensland Department of Health, Australia; the National Health and Medical Research Council, Australia; Public Health England; the Norwegian Institute of Public Health; St Jude Children's Research Hospital; the Cardiovascular Medical Research and Education Fund; the National Institute on Ageing of the National Institutes of Health (award P30AG047845); and the National Institute of Mental Health of the National Institutes of Health (award R01MH110163). The content is solely the responsibility of the authors and does not necessarily represent the official views of the funders. The authors alone are responsible for the views expressed in this Article and they do not necessarily represent the views, decisions, or policies of the institutions with which they are affiliated, the National Health Service (NHS), the National Institute for Health Research (NIHR), the UK Department of Health and Social Care, or Public Health England; the United States Agency for International Development (USAID), the US Government, or MEASURE Evaluation; or the European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). This research used data from the Chile National Health Survey 2003, 2009-10, and 2016-17. The authors are grateful to the Ministry of Health, the survey copyright owner, for allowing them to have the database. All results of the study are those of the authors and in no way committed to the Ministry. The Costa Rican Longevity and Healthy Aging Study project is a longitudinal study by the University of Costa Rica's Centro Centroamericano de Poblacion and Instituto de Investigaciones en Salud, in collaboration with the University of California at Berkeley. The original pre-1945 cohort was funded by the Wellcome Trust (grant 072406), and the 1945-55 Retirement Cohort was funded by the US National Institute on Aging (grant R01AG031716). The principal investigators are Luis Rosero-Bixby and William H Dow and co-principal investigators are Xinia Fernandez and Gilbert Brenes. The accuracy of the authors' statistical analysis and the findings they report are not the responsibility of ECDC. ECDC is not responsible for conclusions or opinions drawn from the data provided. ECDC is not responsible for the correctness of the data and for data management, data merging and data collation after provision of the data. ECDC shall not be held liable for improper or incorrect use of the data. The Health Behaviour in School-Aged Children (HBSC) study is an international study carried out in collaboration with WHO/EURO. The international coordinator of the 1997-98, 2001-02, 2005-06, and 2009-10 surveys was Candace Currie and the databank manager for the 1997-98 survey was Bente Wold, whereas for the following surveys Oddrun Samdal was the databank manager. A list of principal investigators in each country can be found on the HBSC website. Data used in this paper come from the 2009-10 Ghana Socioeconomic Panel Study Survey, which is a nationally representative survey of more than 5000 households in Ghana. The survey is a joint effort undertaken by the Institute of Statistical, Social and Economic Research (ISSER) at the University of Ghana and the Economic Growth Centre (EGC) at Yale University. It was funded by EGC. ISSER and the EGC are not responsible for the estimations reported by the analysts. The Palestinian Central Bureau of Statistics granted the researchers access to relevant data in accordance with license number SLN2014-3-170, after subjecting data to processing aiming to preserve the confidentiality of individual data in accordance with the General Statistics Law, 2000. The researchers are solely responsible for the conclusions and inferences drawn upon available data. Data for this research was provided by MEASURE Evaluation, funded by USAID. The authors thank the Russia Longitudinal Monitoring Survey, conducted by the National Research University Higher School of Economics and ZAO Demoscope together with Carolina Population Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill and the Institute of Sociology, Russia Academy of Sciences for making data available. This paper uses data from the Bhutan 2014 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Kuwait 2006 and 2014 STEPS surveys, implemented by the Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; the Libya 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by the Secretariat of Health and Environment with the support of WHO; the Malawi 2009 STEPS survey, implemented by Ministry of Health with the support of WHO; and the Moldova 2013 STEPS survey, implemented by the Ministry of Health, the National Bureau of Statistics, and the National Center of Public Health with the support of WHO. This paper uses data from Survey of Health, Ageing and Retirement in Europe (SHARE) Waves 1 (DOI:10.6103/SHARE. w1.700), 2 (10.6103/SHARE.w2.700), 3 (10.6103/SHARE.w3.700), 4 (10.6103/SHARE.w4.700), 5 (10.6103/SHARE.w5.700), 6 (10.6103/SHARE.w6.700), and 7 (10.6103/SHARE.w7.700); see Borsch-Supan and colleagues (2013) for methodological details. The SHARE data collection has been funded by the European Commission through FP5 (QLK6-CT-2001-00360), FP6 (SHARE-I3: RII-CT-2006-062193, COMPARE: CIT5-CT-2005-028857, SHARELIFE: CIT4-CT-2006-028812), FP7 (SHARE-PREP: GA N degrees 211909, SHARE-LEAP: GA N degrees 227822, SHARE M4: GA N degrees 261982) and Horizon 2020 (SHARE-DEV3: GA N degrees 676536, SERISS: GA N degrees 654221) and by DG Employment, Social Affairs & Inclusion. Additional funding from the German Ministry of Education and Research, the Max Planck Society for the Advancement of Science, the US National Institute on Aging (U01_AG09740-13S2, P01_AG005842, P01_AG08291, P30_AG12815, R21_AG025169, Y1-AG-4553-01, IAG_BSR06-11, OGHA_04-064, HHSN271201300071C), and from various national funding sources is gratefully acknowledged. This study has been realised using the data collected by the Swiss Household Panel, which is based at the Swiss Centre of Expertise in the Social Sciences. The project is financed by the Swiss National Science Foundation. The United States Aging, Demographics, and Memory Study is a supplement to the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which is sponsored by the National Institute of Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740). It was conducted jointly by Duke University and the University of Michigan. The HRS is sponsored by the National Institute on Aging (grant number NIA U01AG009740) and is conducted by the University of Michigan. This paper uses data from Add Health, a program project designed by J Richard Udry, Peter S Bearman, and Kathleen Mullan Harris, and funded by a grant P01-HD31921 from the Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, with cooperative funding from 17 other agencies. Special acknowledgment is due to Ronald R Rindfuss and Barbara Entwisle for assistance in the original design. Information on how to obtain the Add Health data files is available on the Add Health website. No direct support was received from grant P01-HD31921 for this analysis. The data reported here have been supplied by the United States Renal Data System. The interpretation and reporting of these data are the responsibility of the authors and in no way should be seen as an official policy or interpretation of the US Government. Collection of data for the Mozambique National Survey on the Causes of Death 2007-08 was made possible by USAID under the terms of cooperative agreement GPO-A-00-08-000_D3-00. This manuscript is based on data collected and shared by the International Vaccine Institute (IVI) from an original study IVI conducted. L G Abreu acknowledges support from Coordenacao de Aperfeicoamento de Pessoal de Nivel Superior (Brazil; finance code 001) and Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cientifico e Tecnologico (CNPq, a Brazilian funding agency). I N Ackerman was supported by a Victorian Health and Medical Research Fellowship awarded by the Victorian Government. O O Adetokunboh acknowledges the South African Department of Science and Innovation and the National Research Foundation. A Agrawal acknowledges the Wellcome Trust DBT India Alliance Senior Fellowship. S M Aljunid acknowledges the Department of Health Policy and Management, Faculty of Public Health, Kuwait University and International Centre for Casemix and Clinical Coding, Faculty of Medicine, National University of Malaysia for the approval and support to participate in this research project. M Ausloos, C Herteliu, and A Pana acknowledge partial support by a grant of the Romanian National Authority for Scientific Research and Innovation, CNDS-UEFISCDI, project number PN-III-P4-ID-PCCF-2016-0084. A Badawi is supported by the Public Health Agency of Canada. D A Bennett was supported by the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre. R Bourne acknowledges the Brien Holden Vision Institute, University of Heidelberg, Sightsavers, Fred Hollows Foundation, and Thea Foundation. G B Britton and I Moreno Velasquez were supported by the Sistema Nacional de Investigacion, SNI-SENACYT, Panama. R Buchbinder was supported by an Australian National Health and Medical Research Council (NHMRC) Senior Principal Research Fellowship. J J Carrero was supported by the Swedish Research Council (2019-01059). F Carvalho acknowledges UID/MULTI/04378/2019 and UID/QUI/50006/2019 support with funding from FCT/MCTES through national funds. A R Chang was supported by National Institutes of Health/National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases grant K23 DK106515. V M Costa acknowledges the grant SFRH/BHD/110001/2015, received by Portuguese national funds through Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia, IP, under the Norma Transitaria DL57/2016/CP1334/CT0006. A Douiri acknowledges support and funding from the National Institute for Health Research Collaboration for Leadership in Applied Health Research and Care South London at King's College Hospital NHS Foundation Trust and the Royal College of Physicians, and support from the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust and King's College London. B B Duncan acknowledges grants from the Foundation for the Support of Research of the State of Rio Grande do Sul (IATS and PrInt) and the Brazilian Ministry of Health. H E Erskine is the recipient of an Australian NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1137969). A J Ferrari was supported by a NHMRC Early Career Fellowship grant (APP1121516). H E Erskine and A J Ferrari are employed by and A M Mantilla-Herrera and D F Santomauro affiliated with the Queensland Centre for Mental Health Research, which receives core funding from the Queensland Department of Health. M L Ferreira holds an NHMRC Research Fellowship. C Flohr was supported by the NIHR Biomedical Research Centre based at Guy's and St Thomas' NHS Foundation Trust. M Freitas acknowledges financial support from the EU (European Regional Development Fund [FEDER] funds through COMPETE POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029248) and National Funds (Fundacao para a Ciencia e Tecnologia) through project PTDC/NAN-MAT/29248/2017. A L S Guimaraes acknowledges support from CNPq. C Herteliu was partially supported by a grant co-funded by FEDER through Operational Competitiveness Program (project ID P_40_382). P Hoogar acknowledges Centre for Bio Cultural Studies, Directorate of Research, Manipal Academy of Higher Education and Centre for Holistic Development and Research, Kalaghatagi. F N Hugo acknowledges the Visiting Professorship, PRINT Program, CAPES Foundation, Brazil. B-F Hwang was supported by China Medical University (CMU107-Z-04), Taichung, Taiwan. S M S Islam was funded by a National Heart Foundation Senior Research Fellowship and supported by Deakin University. R Q Ivers was supported by a research fellowship from the National Health and Medical Research Council of Australia. M Jakovljevic acknowledges the Serbian part of this GBD-related contribution was co-funded through Grant OI175014 of the Ministry of Education Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia. P Jeemon was supported by a Clinical and Public Health intermediate fellowship (grant number IA/CPHI/14/1/501497) from the Wellcome Trust-Department of Biotechnology, India Alliance (2015-20). O John is a recipient of UIPA scholarship from University of New South Wales, Sydney. S V Katikireddi acknowledges funding from a NRS Senior Clinical Fellowship (SCAF/15/02), the Medical Research Council (MC_UU_12017/13, MC_UU_12017/15), and the Scottish Government Chief Scientist Office (SPHSU13, SPHSU15). C Kieling is a CNPq researcher and a UK Academy of Medical Sciences Newton Advanced Fellow. Y J Kim was supported by Research Management Office, Xiamen University Malaysia (XMUMRF/2018-C2/ITCM/00010). K Krishan is supported by UGC Centre of Advanced Study awarded to the Department of Anthropology, Panjab University, Chandigarh, India. M Kumar was supported by K43 TW 010716 FIC/NIMH. B Lacey acknowledges support from the NIHR Oxford Biomedical Research Centre and the BHF Centre of Research Excellence, Oxford. J V Lazarus was supported by a Spanish Ministry of Science, Innovation and Universities Miguel Servet grant (Instituto de Salud Carlos III [ISCIII]/ESF, the EU [CP18/00074]). K J Looker thanks the NIHR Health Protection Research Unit in Evaluation of Interventions at the University of Bristol, in partnership with Public Health England, for research support. S Lorkowski was funded by the German Federal Ministry of Education and Research (nutriCARD, grant agreement number 01EA1808A). R A Lyons is supported by Health Data Research UK (HDR-9006), which is funded by the UK Medical Research Council, Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council, Economic and Social Research Council, NIHR (England), Chief Scientist Office of the Scottish Government Health and Social Care Directorates, Health and Social Care Research and Development Division (Welsh Government), Public Health Agency (Northern Ireland), British Heart Foundation, and Wellcome Trust. J J McGrath is supported by the Danish National Research Foundation (Niels Bohr Professorship), and the Queensland Health Department (via West Moreton HHS). P T N Memiah acknowledges support from CODESRIA. U O Mueller gratefully acknowledges funding by the German National Cohort Study BMBF grant number 01ER1801D. S Nomura acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science, and Technology of Japan (18K10082). A Ortiz was supported by ISCIII PI19/00815, DTS18/00032, ISCIII-RETIC REDinREN RD016/0009 Fondos FEDER, FRIAT, Comunidad de Madrid B2017/BMD-3686 CIFRA2-CM. These funding sources had no role in the writing of the manuscript or the decision to submit it for publication. S B Patten was supported by the Cuthbertson & Fischer Chair in Pediatric Mental Health at the University of Calgary. G C Patton was supported by an aNHMRC Senior Principal Research Fellowship. M R Phillips was supported in part by the National Natural Science Foundation of China (NSFC, number 81371502 and 81761128031). A Raggi, D Sattin, and S Schiavolin were supported by grants from the Italian Ministry of Health (Ricerca Corrente, Fondazione Istituto Neurologico C Besta, Linea 4-Outcome Research: dagli Indicatori alle Raccomandazioni Cliniche). P Rathi and B Unnikrishnan acknowledge Kasturba Medical College, Mangalore, Manipal Academy of Higher Education, Manipal. A L P Ribeiro was supported by Brazilian National Research Council, CNPq, and the Minas Gerais State Research Agency, FAPEMIG. D C Ribeiro was supported by The Sir Charles Hercus Health Research Fellowship (#18/111) Health Research Council of New Zealand. D Ribeiro acknowledges financial support from the EU (FEDER funds through the Operational Competitiveness Program; POCI-01-0145-FEDER-029253). P S Sachdev acknowledges funding from the NHMRC of Australia Program Grant. A M Samy was supported by a fellowship from the Egyptian Fulbright Mission Program. M M Santric-Milicevic acknowledges the Ministry of Education, Science and Technological Development of the Republic of Serbia (contract number 175087). R Sarmiento-Suarez received institutional support from Applied and Environmental Sciences University (Bogota, Colombia) and ISCIII (Madrid, Spain). A E Schutte received support from the South African National Research Foundation SARChI Initiative (GUN 86895) and Medical Research Council. S T S Skou is currently funded by a grant from Region Zealand (Exercise First) and a grant from the European Research Council under the EU's Horizon 2020 research and innovation program (grant agreement number 801790). J B Soriano is funded by Centro de Investigacion en Red de Enfermedades Respiratorias, ISCIII. R Tabares-Seisdedos was supported in part by the national grant PI17/00719 from ISCIII-FEDER. N Taveira was partially supported by the European & Developing Countries Clinical Trials Partnership, the EU (LIFE project, reference RIA2016MC-1615). S Tyrovolas was supported by the Foundation for Education and European Culture, the Sara Borrell postdoctoral programme (reference number CD15/00019 from ISCIII-FEDER). S B Zaman received a scholarship from the Australian Government research training programme in support of his academic career. ; "Peer Reviewed"